Does social desirability bias favor humans? Explicit-implicit evaluations of synthesized speech support a new HCI model of impression management

Do people treat computers as social actors? To answer this question, researchers havemeasured the extent to which computers elicit social responses in people, such as impression management strategies for influencing the perceptions of others. But on this question findings in the literature conflict. To make sense of these findings, the present study proposes a dual-process model of impression management in human– computer interaction. The model predicts that, although machines may elicit nonconscious impression management strategies, theydonotgenerally elicit conscious impressionmanagement strategies. One such strategy is presenting oneself favorably to others, which can be measured as social desirability bias when comparing self-reportedpreferenceswith implicit preferences. The current studyuses both aquestionnaire and an implicit association test (IAT) to compare attitudes toward human and machine speech. Although past studies on social desirability bias have demonstrated people’s tendency tounderreport their preference for the preferred groupwhen comparing twohuman groups, the current study found that, when comparing human speech andmachine-synthesized speech, participants instead overreported their preference for the preferred (human) group. This finding supports the proposed dual-process model of impression management, because participants did not consciously treat computers as social actors. ! 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.